What does biotransformation refer to?

Biotransformation specifically refers to the chemical modification made by an organism on a chemical compound. In the context of pharmacokinetics, it typically involves the conversion of drugs into metabolites that are more easily excreted by the body or that have altered pharmacological activity. This process can make lipophilic compounds more hydrophilic, allowing for easier elimination through urine or bile.

Biotransformation is crucial for drug metabolism, as it determines not only the duration of action and intensity of the drug effects but also the eventual elimination pathways the drug will take. The ability of the body to modify compounds means that drugs may be transformed into more usable forms, or sometimes to inactive forms that will no longer exert effects on the body. This is especially important for preventing potential toxicity and ensuring that drugs have the intended therapeutic effects without causing harm.